Abstract:
Sand extraction is seen to generate detrimental impacts around different parts of the world. Little improvement and development have been seen from those engaging in these activities as they still languish in abject poverty. This basis prompted the researcher to explore how sand extraction activities have impacted Taita Taveta on a social, economic and environmental lens. Sand extraction activities are a major economic activity practiced widely in several areas of Taita Taveta County; however, these activities are carried out without post extraction rehabilitation and management of extracted areas. This has led to loss of aesthetic beauty of the environment, loss of farmlands and degradation of the environment at large from the abandoned pits and gullies at and near the sand extraction sites.
A qualitative research method was employed with Taita Taveta County as the case study. Data collection tools included; use of semi structured interviews where the researcher was allowed to alter questions in order to get specific answers. Focus group discussions come in handy when conducting interviews where respondents were many such as sand harvesters at the sand extraction sites. Observation method was used mainly when it came to collecting data on the environment. Key respondents were picked through purposive sampling. Snow balling method also enabled the researcher in identifying key respondents who also pointed out other participants. Data obtained was analyzed using thematic analysis as well as pie charts and tables.
The study revealed that most of those engaging in sand extraction activities have no other alternative of providing for themselves and their families. They talked of unemployment and lack of opportunities and high levels of poverty. However, these activities were also seen to attract economic migrants from other Counties. The study highlights the need to have working policies on topics of natural resources sustainability and the need to regulate the extractive industry so as to minimize and eliminate negative impacts. Alternative sources of livelihood should be encouraged and adopted in order to reduce the heavy reliance on natural resources. Involvement of all stakeholders from policy makers, National government, County government, brokers, sand harvesters, transporters, NEMA, and civil societies is very crucial in attaining sustainability.